Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment (3rd Edition), W. Richard Stevens

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Like the second edition before it, the third edition of Advanced Programming in the UNIX® Environment has been updated to reflect contemporary operating systems and recent changes in standards. Obsolete material has been removed, except where that material provides a useful historical perspective. The four platforms used to test the examples in the book include FreeBSD 8.0, Linux 3.2.0, Mac OS X 10.6.8 and Solaris 10. These platforms are a moving target, and most likely there are newer versions available now, so your mileage may vary.Major changes include the addition of POSIX asynchronous I/O, POSIX semaphores, spin locks, and barriers. In total, more than 70 new interfaces are covered. In addition, most of the STREAMS-related material was removed, because STREAMS interfaces are now considered to be obsolescent by the Single UNIX Specification. If you need information about STREAMS programming, check out UNIX System V Network Programming.See here for a complete Table of Contents for the third edition. ContentsForeword to the Second EditionxixPrefacexxiPreface to the Second EditionxxvPreface to the First EditionxxixChapter 1.   UNIX System Overview11.1  Introduction         11.2  UNIX Architecture         11.3  Logging In         21.4  Files and Directories         41.5  Input and Output         81.6  Programs and Processes         101.7  Error Handling         141.8  User Identification         161.9  Signals         181.10  Time Values         201.11  System Calls and Library Functions         211.12  Summary         23Chapter 2.   UNIX Standardization and Implementations252.1  Introduction         252.2  UNIX Standardization         252.2.1  ISO C         252.2.2  IEEE POSIX         262.2.3  The Single UNIX Specification         302.2.4  FIPS         322.3  UNIX System Implementations         332.3.1  UNIX System V Release 4         332.3.2  4.4BSD         342.3.3  FreeBSD         342.3.4  Linux         352.3.5  Mac OS X         352.3.6  Solaris         352.3.7  Other UNIX Systems         352.4  Relationship of Standards and Implementations         362.5  Limits         362.5.1  ISO C Limits         372.5.2  POSIX Limits         382.5.3  XSI Limits         412.5.4sysconf,pathconf, andfpathconfFunctions         422.5.5  Indeterminate Runtime Limits         492.6  Options         532.7  Feature Test Macros         572.8  Primitive System Data Types         582.9  Differences Between Standards         582.10  Summary         60Chapter 3.   File I/O613.1  Introduction         613.2  File Descriptors         613.3openandopenatFunctions         623.4creatFunction         663.5closeFunction         663.6lseekFunction         663.7readFunction         713.8writeFunction         723.9  I/O Efficiency         723.10  File Sharing         743.11  Atomic Operations         773.12dupanddup2Functions         793.13sync,fsync, andfdatasyncFunctions         813.14fcntlFunction         823.15ioctlFunction         873.16/dev/fd883.17  Summary         90Chapter 4.   Files and Directories934.1  Introduction         934.2stat,fstat,fstatat, andlstatFunctions         934.3  File Types         954.4  Set-User-ID and Set-Group-ID         984.5  File Access Permissions         994.6  Ownership of New Files and Directories         1014.7accessandfaccessatFunctions         1024.8umaskFunction         1044.9chmod,fchmod, andfchmodatFunctions         1064.10  Sticky Bit         1084.11chown,fchown,fchownat, andlchownFunctions         1094.12  File Size         1114.13  File Truncation         1124.14  File Systems         1134.15link,linkat,unlink,unlinkat, andremoveFunctions         1164.16renameandrenameatFunctions         1194.17  Symbolic Links         1204.18  Creating and Reading Symbolic Links         1234.19  File Times         1244.20futimens,utimensat, andutimesFunctions         1264.21mkdir,mkdirat, andrmdirFunctions         1294.22  Reading Directories         1304.23chdir,fchdir, andgetcwdFunctions         1354.24  Device Special Files         1374.25  Summary of File Access Permission Bits         1404.26  Summary         140Chapter 5.   Standard I/O Library1435.1  Introduction         1435.2  Streams andFILEObjects         1435.3  Standard Input, Standard Output, and Standard Error         1455.4  Buffering         1455.5  Opening a Stream         1485.6  Reading and Writing a Stream         1505.7  Line-at-a-Time I/O         1525.8  Standard I/O Efficiency         1535.9  Binary I/O         1565.10  Positioning a Stream         1575.11  Formatted I/O         1595.12  Implementation Details         1645.13  Temporary Files         1675.14  Memory Streams         1715.15  Alternatives to Standard I/O         1745.16  Summary         175Chapter 6.   System Data Files and Information1776.1  Introduction         1776.2  Password File         1776.3  Shadow Passwords         1816.4  Group File         1826.5  Supplementary Group IDs         1836.6  Implementation Differences         1846.7  Other Data Files         1856.8  Login Accounting         1866.9  System Identification         1876.10  Time and Date Routines         1896.11  Summary         196Chapter 7.   Process Environment1977.1  Introduction         1977.2mainFunction         1977.3  Process Termination         1987.4  Command-Line Arguments         2037.5  Environment List         2037.6  Memory Layout of a C Program         2047.7  Shared Libraries         2067.8  Memory Allocation         2077.9  Environment Variables         2107.10setjmpandlongjmpFunctions         2137.11getrlimitandsetrlimitFunctions         2207.12  Summary         225Chapter 8.   Process Control2278.1  Introduction         2278.2  Process Identifiers         2278.3forkFunction         2298.4vforkFunction         2348.5exitFunctions         2368.6waitandwaitpidFunctions         2388.7waitidFunction         2448.8wait3andwait4Functions         2458.9  Race Conditions         2458.10execFunctions         2498.11  Changing User IDs and Group IDs         2558.12  Interpreter Files         2608.13systemFunction         2648.14  Process Accounting         2698.15  User Identification         2758.16  Process Scheduling         2768.17  Process Times         2808.18  Summary         282Chapter 9.   Process Relationships2859.1  Introduction         2859.2  Terminal Logins         2859.3  Network Logins         2909.4  Process Groups         2939.5  Sessions         2959.6  Controlling Terminal         2969.7tcgetpgrp,tcsetpgrp, andtcgetsidFunctions         2989.8  Job Control         2999.9  Shell Execution of Programs         3039.10  Orphaned Process Groups         3079.11  FreeBSD Implementation         3109.12  Summary         312Chapter 10.   Signals31310.1  Introduction         31310.2  Signal Concepts         31310.3signalFunction         32310.4  Unreliable Signals         32610.5  Interrupted System Calls         32710.6  Reentrant Functions         33010.7SIGCLDSemantics         33210.8  Reliable-Signal Terminology and Semantics         33510.9killandraiseFunctions         33610.10alarmandpauseFunctions         33810.11  Signal Sets         34410.12sigprocmaskFunction         34610.13sigpendingFunction         34710.14sigactionFunction         34910.15sigsetjmpandsiglongjmpFunctions         35510.16sigsuspendFunction         35910.17abortFunction         36510.18systemFunction         36710.19sleep,nanosleep, andclock_nanosleepFunctions         37310.20sigqueueFunction         37610.21  Job-Control Signals         37710.22  Signal Names and Numbers         37910.23  Summary         381Chapter 11.   Threads38311.1  Introduction         38311.2  Thread Concepts         38311.3  Thread Identification         38411.4  Thread Creation         38511.5  Thread Termination         38811.6  Thread Synchronization         39711.6.1  Mutexes         39911.6.2  Deadlock Avoidance         40211.6.3pthread_mutex_timedlockFunction         40711.6.4  Reader-Writer Locks         40911.6.5  Reader-Writer Locking with Timeouts         41311.6.6  Condition Variables         41311.6.7  Spin Locks         41711.6.8  Barriers         41811.7  Summary         422Chapter 12.   Thread Control42512.1  Introduction         42512.2  Thread Limits         42512.3  Thread Attributes         42612.4  Synchronization Attributes         43012.4.1  Mutex Attributes         43012.4.2  Reader-Writer Lock Attributes         43912.4.3  Condition Variable Attributes         44012.4.4  Barrier Attributes         44112.5  Reentrancy         44212.6  Thread-Specific Data         44612.7  Cancel Options         45112.8  Threads and Signals         45312.9  Threads andfork45712.10  Threads and I/O         46112.11  Summary         462Chapter 13.   Daemon Processes46313.1  Introduction         46313.2  Daemon Characteristics         46313.3  Coding Rules         46613.4  Error Logging         46913.5  Single-Instance Daemons         47313.6  Daemon Conventions         47413.7  Client-Server Model         47913.8  Summary         480Chapter 14.   Advanced I/O48114.1  Introduction         48114.2  Nonblocking I/O         48114.3  Record Locking         48514.4  I/O Multiplexing         50014.4.1selectandpselectFunctions         50214.4.2pollFunction         50614.5  Asynchronous I/O         50914.5.1  System V Asynchronous I/O         51014.5.2  BSD Asynchronous I/O         51014.5.3  POSIX Asynchronous I/O         51114.6readvandwritevFunctions         52114.7readnandwritenFunctions         52314.8  Memory-Mapped I/O         52514.9  Summary         531Chapter 15.   Interprocess Communication53315.1  Introduction         53315.2  Pipes         53415.3popenandpcloseFunctions         54115.4  Coprocesses         54815.5  FIFOs         55215.6  XSI IPC         55615.6.1  Identifiers and Keys         55615.6.2  Permission Structure         55815.6.3  Configuration Limits         55915.6.4  Advantages and Disadvantages         55915.7  Message Queues         56115.8  Semaphores         56515.9  Shared Memory         57115.10  POSIX Semaphores         57915.11  Client-Server Properties         58515.12  Summary         587Chapter 16.   Network IPC: Sockets58916.1  Introduction         58916.2  Socket Descriptors         59016.3  Addressing         59316.3.1  Byte Ordering         59316.3.2  Address Formats         59516.3.3  Address Lookup         59716.3.4  Associating Addresses with Sockets         60416.4  Connection Establishment         60516.5  Data Transfer         61016.6  Socket Options         62316.7  Out-of-Band Data         62616.8  Nonblocking and Asynchronous I/O         62716.9  Summary         628Chapter 17.   Advanced IPC62917.1  Introduction         62917.2  UNIX Domain Sockets         62917.2.1  Naming UNIX Domain Sockets         63417.3  Unique Connections         63517.4  Passing File Descriptors         64217.5  An Open Server, Version 1         65317.6  An Open Server, Version 2         65917.7  Summary         669Chapter 18.   Terminal I/O67118.1  Introduction         67118.2  Overview         67118.3  Special Input Characters         67818.4  Getting and Setting Terminal Attributes         68318.5  Terminal Option Flags         68318.6sttyCommand         69118.7  Baud Rate Functions         69218.8  Line Control Functions         69318.9  Terminal Identification         69418.10  Canonical Mode         70018.11  Noncanonical Mode         70318.12  Terminal Window Size         71018.13termcap,terminfo, andcurses71218.14  Summary         713Chapter 19.   Pseudo Terminals71519.1  Introduction         71519.2  Overview         71519.3  Opening Pseudo-Terminal Devices         72219.4pty_forkFunction         72619.5ptyProgram         72919.6  Using theptyProgram         73319.7  Advanced Features         74019.8  Summary         741Chapter 20.   A Database Library74320.1  Introduction         74320.2  History         74320.3  The Library         74420.4  Implementation Overview         74620.5  Centralized or Decentralized?         75020.6  Concurrency         75220.7  Building the Library         75320.8  Source Code         75320.9  Performance         78120.10  Summary         786Chapter 21.   Communicating with a Network Printer78921.1  Introduction         78921.2  The Internet Printing Protocol         78921.3  The Hypertext Transfer Protocol         79221.4  Printer Spooling         79321.5  Source Code         79521.6  Summary         843Appendix A.   Function Prototypes845Appendix B.   Miscellaneous Source Code895B.1  Our Header File         895B.2  Standard Error Routines         898Appendix C.   Solutions to Selected Exercises905Bibliography947Index955

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